Atrial Fibrilation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established independent risk factor for stroke. It is the most frequent heart arrhythmia, characterized by an irregular and often rapid heartbeat. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. According to the Burden of Stroke Report, the number of patients with AF in Europe is expected to rise from 8,8 million in 2010 to 17,9 million in 2060.

During AF, the two upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat irregularly and are not coordinated with the beat of the two lower heart chambers (the ventricles). This can lead to formation of blood clots in the heart that may circulate to the blood vessels in the brain and cause blocked blood flow and stroke. About 20–30% of all strokes are due to AF. The risk of a stroke in AF increases with older age, female gender, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, valvular heart disease, prior history of transient ischemic attack and stroke.
AF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality (1.5- to 1.9-fold higher risk of death), due to the strong association between AF and thromboembolic events, especially stroke.

AF is diagnosed with electrocardiogram (ECG) that shows the heart rhythm and its frequency. It is important to know that some people with AF do not feel any symptoms and are unaware of their condition until it’s discovered during a physical examination. Other people may have the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, general weakness, dizziness and confusion.

There are four types of AF:

– paroxysmal AF that occurs occasionally, lasts several minutes to hours and than goes away within 7 days, it does not require medicamentous treatment
– persistent AF that lasts more than 7 days, does not go away spontaneously and needs medicamentous treatment or electrical intervention to terminate;
– long-standing persistent AF lasts for more than 12 months, either because cardioversion has failed or because cardioversion has not been attempted
– permanent AF which means that the heart rhythm is permanently damaged and needs long-term medicamentous treatment

In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, abnormal heart valves, malfunction of the heart’s natural pacemaker and previous heart surgery. Other risk factors include impairment of the metabolism, thyroid gland malfunction, diabetes, reduced kidney function, smoking, alcoholism, excess intake of caffeine, certain medications, pulmonary diseases (pneumonia), virrhosis, sleep apnea and stress. Older age, obesity and family history may increase the risk of developing AF.

Management of AF includes medications for rhythm control and other interventions to try to alter the heart’s electrical system. The risk of stroke from AF that lasts longer than 24 hours is a major concern and is usually addressed by prescribing a blood thinner (warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban). Blood thinners i.e. anticoagulants, can greatly lower the risk of stroke caused by blood clots. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban) are preferred over Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin, sintrom), however they are not recommended in patients with mechanical heart valves or moderate to severe mitral stenosis. Aspirin is no longer recommended for treatment of AF.

Prevention of AF consists of a healthy life style, that includes healthy diet, physical activity (at least 30 minutes/day), proper body weight, no smoking, reducement of caffeine and alcohol and avoiding of stress.

References:

1. [Guideline] January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al, for the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2. 64 (21):e1-76

2. Ferrari R, Bertini M, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, et al. An update on atrial fibrillation in 2014: from pathophysiology to treatment. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Jan 15. 203:22-9.

3. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al, for the Writing Group Members, American Heart Association Statistics Committee., et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics–2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Jan 26. 133 (4):447-54.

4. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. European Heart Journal 37(38):2893-962

5. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004 Aug 31. 110 (9):1042-6.

6. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991 Aug. 22 (8):983-8.

7. www.safestroke.eu